MECHANISM OF ACTION	NUTRIENT
Promote C – 2 hydroxylation over C – 4 and/or C – 16 hydroxylation of estrogens	Crucifers vegetables, indole-3-carbinol, isoflavones (soy, kudzu)
Reduce the oxidation of catechol estrogens (2 – OH and 4 – OH)	Vitamins A, E & C, N-acetylaysteine, tumeric, green tea, lycopene, a-lipoic acid, favonoids
Promote the methylation of catechol estrogens (2 – OH and 4 – OH)	Folate vitamins B2, B6, B12, nmethylglycine, magnesium
Increased circulating concentrations of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), thus reducing levels of unbound, active estrogens	Fiber, lignans (flaxseed), isoflavones (soy, kudzu)
Inhibit the activity of aromatase, which converts testosterone and androstenedione into estradiol and estrone, respectively.	Tumeric (curcumin), D-limonene, magnesium, vitamins B2, B6 & B12 flavonoids
Promote the detoxification of estrogens by up-regulating Phase I and Phase II enzymes	Fiber, probiotics (acidophilus bifidobacteria), calcium D-glucarate
Inhibit the activity of â-glucuronidase, which deconjugates estrogens in the large intestine, allowing them to be reabsorbed and re-metabolised	Isofavones (soy, kudzu), lignans (flaxseed), indole-3-carbinol
Modify estrogen receptor activity